The Root Bridge

  Ionic bonding is an important topic in IGCSE Chemistry . Therefore, you should be familiar with some of its important concepts.  So if you want to know about cations, anions and ionic bonds, stay tuned. Now, let's start the topic without further introductions.  What is an Ion?  An ion is a particle with an electric charge (either positive or negative). If a particle gains electrons (like non-metals), then it will have a negative charge.  On the other hand, if a particle loses electrons (like metals), it will have a positive charge. Now moving on to the question I asked you earlier about cations and anions.  Remember that cations are positively charged ions (which means that they lose electrons). Apart, the anions are negatively charged ions (which means that they gain electrons).  Note : The electronic structure of an ion will be similar to that of a noble gas (for example neon, argon and helium).  Now, let's dig a little bit deeper into the ...

Enzymes are those chemical (biological) catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction and they remain unchanged at the end of a reaction.  However, this definition is not enough to meet the requirements of your syllabus about enzymes notes. So, let's start from the very beginning without further introductions.  What are Enzymes?  There are several reactions that require very strong heat to undergo completion. It is not feasible (commercially) to meet all conditions for some reactions.  As a result, catalysts are used to speed up (or alter) these reactions. It is to note that enzymes are organic catalysts usually made up of proteins and their primary function is to speed up slow reactions.  There are several reactions in our everyday life in which enzymes play a very vital role. Let's take a look at some examples to understand the use of enzymes.  The Application of Enzymes : In our body, many complex substances are broken down into simpler ones.  For ex...

The CAIE Syllabus for Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves (sound) is as follows :  General Wave Properties/ Transverse Waves: Content 13.1 Describing wave motion 13.2 Wave terms 13.3 Wave behaviour Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a)   describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs and by experiments using a ripple tank. (b)   state what is meant by the term  wavefront . (c)   define the terms  speed ,  frequency ,  wavelength  and  amplitude  and recall and use the formula  velocity  =  frequency  ×  wavelength . (d)   describe transverse and longitudinal waves in such a way as to illustrate the differences between them. (e)   describe the use of a ripple tank to show (1) reflection at a plane surface, (2) refraction due to a change of speed at a constant frequency. (f)  describe...