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Ionic Bonding | IGCSE Chemistry (0620) | Best Notes

  Ionic bonding is an important topic in IGCSE Chemistry . Therefore, you should be familiar with some of its important concepts.  So if you want to know about cations, anions and ionic bonds, stay tuned. Now, let's start the topic without further introductions.  What is an Ion?  An ion is a particle with an electric charge (either positive or negative). If a particle gains electrons (like non-metals), then it will have a negative charge.  On the other hand, if a particle loses electrons (like metals), it will have a positive charge. Now moving on to the question I asked you earlier about cations and anions.  Remember that cations are positively charged ions (which means that they lose electrons). Apart, the anions are negatively charged ions (which means that they gain electrons).  Note : The electronic structure of an ion will be similar to that of a noble gas (for example neon, argon and helium).  Now, let's dig a little bit deeper into the topic to discover new concepts
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Homeostasis | GCE O Level Biology Notes (5090)

Homeostasis is a very important topic in biology (5090) and there are multiple concepts in this topic which you need to learn.  First of all, you should know that what is meant by homeostasis?  The system of a body which is responsible for the maintenance of the internal environment is known as homeostasis .  In other words, it is the ability to maintain a stable state that continues despite the changes outside. This system ensures the survival of all species from plants to animals.  This was all about the introduction of this topic. Now, let's move into further details and learn about some other topic as well.  Negative feedback:  To maintain a constant internal environment, a significant principle known as negative feedback occurs. In other words, it is the principle on which homeostasis works.  In biological systems, negative feedback  (a regulatory mechanism) is a type of regulation that occurs when a specific stimulus (change) is detected.  For instance, when the temperature o

Turning Effect of Forces | GCE O Level Physics (5054)

The turning effect of forces is a very important topic in Physics and there are multiple topics in this chapter which you need to learn.  First of all, you should know that a force may cause an object to rotate (clockwise or anticlockwise) around its pivot (a central point or shaft where an object turns).  This is known as the turning effect of a force or the moment of the force.  The turning effect of a force is mainly dependent upon two factors which are: The magnitude of the force The perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force The moment of a force (torque):  The torque (moment of a force) is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot (central point).  In terms of an equation, this can be summed up as: moment of a force = force (F) x distance (d) M = F x d The SI unit for torque (moment of a force) is newton metre (N m) because the symbol for force is newton and the symbol of distance is

Speed of Reaction | GCE O Level Chemistry Notes (5070)

Speed of reaction is a very important topic in Chemistry and there are multiple concepts with which you should know to ace your exams.  Rate of reaction refers to the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds (takes place) and this speed can vary dramatically.  The speed at which a chemical reaction takes place is mainly dependent upon two factors. Those are: Frequency of collisions :  The more often molecules collide with each other, the greater the rate of reaction.  The energy of collisions :  When the molecules strike each other with greater energy, the reaction proceeds faster. In other words, the forcefully the molecules collide, the greater will be the rate of reaction.  This was all about the introduction of this topic. Now, let's discuss some important concepts about this topic.  How do we measure the speed of a reaction:  To know the rate at which the reactants are utilised or the rate at which the products are formed, we can measure the time taken for the reaction to c