The Root Bridge

What do we mean by electromagnetic (EM) waves?  The electromagnetic waves (also known as EM waves) are formed as a result of the vibrations between the electric field and magnetic field.  In simple words, these are the waves of the electromagnetic field which make up a family of waves known as the electromagnetic spectrum.  The EM waves, such as radio , micro , ultraviolet and X-rays , propagate through space carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.  Let me further explain this with the help of an example. The light from a lamp in your house is a type of electromagnetic radiation. Similarly, the waves travelling from the radio station are also a type of electromagnetic radiation.  In the electromagnetic spectrum (refers to the range of frequencies of the electromagnetic radiations in order with their respective wavelengths), the EM waves are arranged in order of their frequencies and wavelengths.  Radio wave (which have the longest wavelength and the lo...

  The atmosphere and environment is a very important topic in GCE O level Chemistry (5070). There are multiple concepts in this chapter that need to be addressed.  Therefore, let's dive into the topic without further introductions and start from the very beginning of this chapter.  What is the atmosphere? Our earth is surrounded by a layer or layers of gases known as the atmosphere.  In other words, atmosphere refers to the layer of air that is held by gravity. You should know that without the atmosphere, there would be no life on earth.  But, why is that so? Let me explain that in detail.  The atmosphere is a protective layer that serves as a shield to the earth and protects it from the harmful radiations from the sun. This action ensures that an optimum temperature is maintained on earth.  In other words, due to the atmosphere, the climate of the earth is moderate and it is a major reason why life exists on the earth.  We discussed ear...

The topic of mass, weight and density is very important in GCE O Level physics because this topic contains some really useful concepts.  So, let's start (from the beginning) without further introductions and let me explain these terms, like "mass" and "weight" to you in detail.  Before understanding the concept of mass and weight, you have to remember that these two quantities, mass and weight, and not similar. How are they different? Let me tell you.  What is mass?  Mass refers to the amount of matter in a body. In other words, mass is the quantity of matter in a body. Since this quantity does not change with the location or shape, mass remains the same everywhere.  For example, your mass on the earth and mars will be the same because the location will not affect the "quantity of matter" of a body.  Mass is measured in various units but the SI (international system of units) is the kilogram (kg). However, other units such as gram (g) are ...

Enzymes are those chemical (biological) catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction and they remain unchanged at the end of a reaction.  However, this definition is not enough to meet the requirements of your syllabus about enzymes notes. So, let's start from the very beginning without further introductions.  What are Enzymes?  There are several reactions that require very strong heat to undergo completion. It is not feasible (commercially) to meet all conditions for some reactions.  As a result, catalysts are used to speed up (or alter) these reactions. It is to note that enzymes are organic catalysts usually made up of proteins and their primary function is to speed up slow reactions.  There are several reactions in our everyday life in which enzymes play a very vital role. Let's take a look at some examples to understand the use of enzymes.  The Application of Enzymes : In our body, many complex substances are broken down into simpler ones.  For ex...

Drugs is a very important topic when it comes to your exam preparation for Biology and this article will provide you with some useful and relevant information regarding drugs notes for GCE O level and IGCSE.  What is a Drug? According to your syllabus, a drug is a substance (chemical) which is responsible for either modifying or affecting the chemical reactions in a body.  You should remember that the topic which you are studying is the " use and abuse of drugs ". This is important because there are several uses of drugs as well and we will also take a look at them. You can categorise drugs as: Medicinal drugs Socially accepted drugs Drugs of abuse  Let's take a look at all these categories in detail now.  Medicinal drugs These drugs are responsible for treating multiple diseases and there are various drugs that are used to alleviate (reduce) pain and even in different surgeries.  The best example of medicinal drugs are antibio...

Khilafat Movement?  If it is what made you come here, then be confident that you are at the right place.   This movement was not started immediately. It has a background which is necessary to understand the movement. So let’s start from the very beginning.   What was the khilafat movement?    It was the movement started by the people of the subcontinent to  protect  Turkey and the head of the Islamic state, the Khalifa as he was of immense importance to the Muslim world.    Turkey had  supported  Germany and Austria in the first world war against Britain and thus after the decisive victory of Britain, Prime Minister Llyod George was ready to  punish  Turkey and Khalifa.   Muslims who had been  promised  a  good fate  of Turkey before the war were not happy by this decision and thus came up with the Khilafat Movement to  achieve their goals , to protect Turkey.    Who was the Khalifa ...